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For over 7,000 years, Persian turquoise has fascinated civilisations with its stunning blue-green colours and profound cultural significance. From adorning Egyptian pharaohs’ tombs to gracing Persian mosques’ domes, this “celestial stone” has earned its reputation as the crown jewel of the turquoise family. In this article, we explore the world of turquoise and discover why Persian turquoise continues to enchant collectors and enthusiasts around the world.
The word “turquoise” has Persian origins, derived from the French phrase “pierre turquoise,” meaning “Turkish stone.” This name emerged because the trade routes that brought the stone to Europe passed through Turkey, though the specimens have always come from Persia (modern-day Iran).
The most famous Persian turquoise mines are located in Nishapur, in the Khorasan region of Iran. These mines, dating back to 4,000 BCE, have produced the world’s most coveted turquoise specimens. According to local legends, the mines were discovered when a shepherd noticed his sheep had blue marks on their teeth after grazing near certain rocks. This discovery led to the unearthing of the world’s most prestigious turquoise deposits.
Persian literature and historical accounts are rich with references to turquoise’s spiritual and protective properties. The 11th-century Persian scholar Al-Biruni wrote extensively about turquoise in his lapidary, noting that the stone would change colour to warn its wearer of impending danger. Persian kings wore turquoise-studded talismans into battle, believing the stone would protect them from violent deaths.
Persian turquoise is renowned for its incomparable colour, often described as “robin’s egg blue” or “Persian blue.” This distinctive hue results from a perfect combination of copper and aluminium phosphate, created through millions of years of geological processes. Persian turquoise can exhibit some green tones; however, the most prized and historically renowned varieties are those that maintain their striking blue colour.
The matrix patterns in Persian turquoise, known locally as “Shajari” or “Risheh,” are considered among the most attractive in the world. These intricate patterns, formed by the host rock, can appear as:
· Fine black lines create delicate webs (spiderwebs)
· Golden-brown veining that complements the blue
· Rare matrix-free specimens known as “Ajami” grade
Persian turquoise forms in arid regions where copper-rich groundwater seeps through aluminous rock. The unique geological conditions in Iran’s mineral-rich mountains create the perfect environment for premium turquoise formation:
· Optimal pH levels between 6-8
· Presence of specific copper and aluminium minerals
· Arid climate conditions
· Millions of years of undisturbed formation
In ancient Persia, turquoise was more than just a gemstone. It was believed to:
· Bring good fortune and protection
· Prevent accidents and ward off evil
· Change colour to warn of impending danger or illness
· Promote fertility and strengthen the bond between lovers
Some of the most stunning examples of Persian turquoise use can be found in Islamic architecture. The Shah Mosque in Isfahan features a magnificent dome covered in turquoise tiles, creating what locals call “a piece of heaven on Earth.” The blue-tiled domes became a signature of Persian architecture, symbolising both spiritual and earthly power.
The mining of Persian turquoise continues to follow many traditional practices:
· Hand-excavation of narrow tunnels
· Use of time-tested tools and techniques
· Careful extraction to preserve matrix patterns
· Traditional sorting and grading methods passed down through generations
Today’s Persian turquoise industry faces several challenges:
· Depleting natural resources
· Political tensions: affect international trade
· Competition from synthetic alternatives
· Need for sustainable mining practices
Persian turquoise is evaluated based on several factors:
· Colour intensity and uniformity
· Matrix pattern aesthetics
· Hardness and durability
· Size and shape
· Historical significance
As natural Persian turquoise becomes increasingly rare, its value continues to rise. Collectors should consider:
· Authenticity
· Historical documentation
· Colour stability
· Matrix pattern uniqueness
To maintain the beauty of Persian turquoise:
· Avoid exposure to harsh chemicals
· Clean gently with a soft, dry cloth
· Store separately from harder stones
· Protect from extreme temperature changes
A famous Persian legend tells of a sultan who promised his dying wife he would build the most beautiful monument in her memory. He commissioned artisans to create a dome entirely of Persian turquoise, believing it would connect heaven and earth. This legendary dome supposedly inspired many turquoise-domed mosques that still exist today.
Islamic tradition holds that the Prophet Muhammad wore a silver ring set with Persian turquoise, leading to the stone’s special significance in Islamic culture. It’s said that whoever wears turquoise in remembrance of this tradition will be blessed with protection and good fortune.
The Persian turquoise market faces several contemporary challenges:
· Limited supply from traditional sources
· Increasing demand from international collectors
· Rising prices due to scarcity
· Need for authentication standards
Despite challenges, Persian turquoise maintains its position as the world’s most prestigious variety:
· Growing interest in new markets
· Increasing value of historical pieces
· Development of new authentication methods
· Sustainable mining initiatives
Persian turquoise remains the uncontested sovereign of the turquoise family, its appeal undimmed by millennia. Whether viewed as a spiritual talisman, a piece of history, or an investment, Persian turquoise continues to captivate with its unique beauty and rich cultural heritage. As natural specimens become increasingly rare, each piece of genuine Persian turquoise represents a precious gemstone and a connection to thousands of years of human history and artistry.
For those seeking to own a piece of this remarkable legacy, it’s essential to work with reputable dealers who can verify the authenticity and origin of their stones. While the market may be challenging to navigate, the reward of owning genuine Persian turquoise makes the effort worthwhile for serious collectors and enthusiasts.
If you are looking for natural Persian turquoise jewellery or gemstone, visit Amitis Art at www.amitisart.net
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